![]() ![]() (b) Comparison of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase domain architecture between ren and related BGCs: ACL: Acyl-Coenzyme A Ligase, A: Adenylation, C: Condensation, T: Thiolation, TD: Terminal reductase. (a) Renieramycin BGCs ( ren) discovered from the four Haliclona sponges in this study (top), and previously characterized THQ BGCs from other microorganisms (bottom). Our study reveals intracellular symbionts as an understudied source for defence chemicals in the oldest-living metazoans and paves the way towards discovering similar systems in other marine sponges. This relationship is highly specific to a single clade of Haliclona sponges. renieramycinifaciens in previously uncharacterized cellular reservoirs (chemobacteriocytes), where it can acquire nutrients from the host and avoid bacterial competition. #Diarey tianero for freerenieramycinifaciens has undergone extreme genome reduction where it has lost almost all necessary elements for free living while maintaining a complex, multi-copy plasmid-encoded biosynthetic gene cluster for renieramycin biosynthesis. and its herein discovered renieramycin-producing symbiont Candidatus Endohaliclona renieramycinifaciens. ![]() Here, we report an intriguing case of chemically mediated symbiosis between the renieramycin-containing sponge Haliclona sp. Marine sponges often house small-molecule-producing symbionts extracellularly in their mesohyl, providing the host with a means of chemical defence against predation and microbial infection. ![]()
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